What distinguishes behavioral economics from classical economics?

Behavioral economics is distinguished from classical economics primarily by its focus on psychological factors in economic decision-making. Traditional or classical economics often assumes that individuals make decisions strictly based on rationality, optimizing utility and making choices that always maximize their economic benefits. However, behavioral economics recognizes that humans frequently act irrationally due to biases, emotions, social influences, and cognitive limitations. For instance, individuals may make decisions that deviate from purely logical reasoning, such as opting for immediate gratification over long-term benefits or being influenced by the way choices are framed.

This insight allows for a more nuanced understanding of consumer behavior and market dynamics, acknowledging that psychological factors can lead to systematic deviations from expected economic behavior. In contrast, the other options do not accurately capture this critical aspect of behavioral economics.